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The irradiation with highly energetic (MeV-GeV) heavy ions can lead to the modifications of the properties of different materials [1]. Among the observed effects, the creation of surface nanostructures in different materials were demonstrated [2]. Recently, slow (eV-keV) highly charged ions (HCIs) were successfully utilized for the creation of similar surface nanostructures in various solids [3,4]. However, HCI exhibit unique feature by altering only the top surface layers without modifying the deeper layers, which can not be avoided for MeV-GeV heavy ions. Based on both the type of the material and ion beam parameters (charge state, kinetic energy, potential energy, etc..), nanostructures of different shapes (pits, caldera-like, hillocks) and sizes were obtained. This paper reviews the research progress of HCI-induced nanostructuring and the used theoretical approaches for understanding the creation mechanisms of the fabricated surface structures.
[1] A.S. El-Said, S. Rao, S. Akhmadaliev, Stefan Facsko, Physical Review Applied 13, 044073 (2020).
[2] A.S. El-Said, R.A. Wilhelm, R. Heller, Sh. Akhmadaliev, E. Schumann, M. Sorokin, S. Fascko, C. Trautmann, Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 382, 86 (2016).
[3] A.S. El-Said, R.A. Wilhelm, R. Heller, S. Facsko, Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 460, 137 (2019).
[4] A.S. El-Said, R. A. Wilhelm, R. Heller, M. Sorokin, S. Facsko, F. Aumayr, Physical Review Letters 117, 126101 (2016).
